The detailed design and fabrication of IMAPS was carried out by the Ball Aerospace Systems Division in Boulder, Colorado. End-to-end optical testing of IMAPS was performed at the laboratory of G. R. Carruthers at the US Naval Research Laboratory. The first flight on a sounding rocket in October 1984 was not successful because an inrush of air from the parachute and instrumentation section subjected the internal volume of IMAPS to an initial pressure of 10-3 torr, just at the time our high voltage potential was applied. By the time the pressure decreased to a point that the high voltage discharge had ceased, it was too late to gather data.
The second flight of IMAPS in April 1985 was a resounding success: a
spectrum of Sco was obtained at R= 150,000 and a peak S/N = 25.
On the basis of data from this flight, conclusions were derived about
the properties of H2 in different stages of rotational excitation
(Jenkins et al. 1989), the depletions of various
elements within interstellar clouds of differing radial velocity
(Joseph & Jenkins 1991), and the extremely clumpy
nature of the ionized gases near the star (Bertoldi &
Jenkins 1992). The third and final flight of IMAPS on a sounding rocket
occurred in September 1988, where a spectrum of
Per was
obtained at a slightly higher resolution but with incomplete wavelength
coverage.
On the technical side, a major accomplishment of the sounding rocket flights was proving that the IMAPS detector could perform in the harsh environment of a suborbital mission, one that is worse than the usual orbital environment because of the low altitude (near the top of the ionosphere) and the short time for dissipating the residual gases associated with the rocket systems. Skeptics had predicted that, on account of the high voltages that were employed for the detector, it would be plagued by discharges or a flurry of events caused by ions that either entered from the outside or were created within the image section. Their assertions proved to be wrong. In fact, the IMAPS detector can withstand a vacuum as bad as 4 × 10 -4 torr, more than 10 times the safe limit for detectors that use microchannel plates.
After demonstrating that IMAPS could work on a sounding rocket and
gather scientifically useful data, we were eager to have the instrument
working in an orbital environment, a circumstance where substantially
more than 5 minutes observing time would be at hand. In 1985, IMAPS was
accepted as a candidate for an initial round of Spartan
missions, but soon
after the Challenger disaster in 1986 NASA abandoned further development
of the Spartan program. In early 1989 it appeared both technically and
programmatically feasible to integrate IMAPS with an already planned
flight of Astro-SPAS
carrying another
far uv experiment called ORFEUS
(Grewing et al.
1991). This program was supported as a collaboration between the US and
German space agencies, NASA and DARA.